1,4-addition of nucleophiles to enones
Description: Alpha beta unsaturated ketones can undergo reaction with a variety of nucleophiles to form 1,4-addition products (aka “Michael products”)
Notes: If the nucleophile is negatively charged, such as RO(–), RS(–), HO(–), NC(–) etc., acid will be needed in the second step. If the nucleophile is neutral such as RNH2 or RSH, then the second step will be a proton transfer.
Examples:
Notes:
Mechanism: The negatively charged nucleophile attacks the beta carbon of the α,β-unsaturated ketone (C–4 in this case), producing an enolate (Step 1, arrows A and B). Protonation (Step 2, arrows C and D) produces the neutral product.
Notes:
Nothing special about Cl here, it’s just a spectator ion to balance out H3O(+)
The products of these reactions are extremely prone to elimination through E1cb mechanisms, or through tautomerism.
{ 6 comments… read them below or add one }
Could you please explain some of the terminology that is commonly used for carbonyl chemistry – alpha beta, and especially 1,4. And provide suggestions on keeping things sorted in memory. Or provide a link if you have already done so.
The numbering particularly threw me when I was a student. We had just become comfortable numbering carbons for nomenclature and here comes carbonyl chemistry to derail us.
Good point. It trips a lot of people up. I should write a post and link to it.
What is the reason for strong nucleophiles favoring 1,2 addition while weak nucleophiles favor 1,4 addition? is 1,2 less sterically hindered (kinetic addition product) but 1,4 thermodynamically favored?
Also, enolates, being weak nucleophiles, usually favor adding 1,4 right?
Great question. It has to do with a topic that doesn’t get much discussion in organic chemistry until later on – called “Hard-soft acid-base theory”. Nucleophiles with a concentrated charge density like organolithiums and Grignards tend to add to the atom of the enone with the highest charge density (the carbonyl carbon). For a full explanation I’d need to invoke molecular orbital theory.
I see. Thanks! Do enolates always prefer to add via 1,4 addition?
Generally speaking, yes.