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Summary Sheets

These are free PDFs to download, although not to modify.

Introduction to Reactivity and Nomenclature 

Summary Sheet – Additions to Carbonyls

Summary Sheet- Enols and Enolates

Summary Sheet – Reactions of Carbonyls – The Big Picture

Summary Sheet – Reactions of Alkenes

Summary Sheet – 9 Key Mechanisms in Carbonyl Chemistry

Summary Sheet – Alkane Nomenclature

Summary Sheet – 21 Carbonyl Chemistry Mechanisms On One Page

Summary Sheet – The Oxidation Ladder

{ 2 comments… read them below or add one }

Mohamed Rabea December 21, 2011 at 9:59 am

Dear Sir,

Thanks for your efforts .

Reply

roserflame February 11, 2012 at 11:12 am

great effort

Reply

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    • 1,4-addition of enolates to enones (“The Michael Reaction”)
    • 1,4-addition of nucleophiles to enones
    • 1,4-addition of organocuprates (Gilman reagents) to enones
    • Acidic cleavage of ethers (SN2)
    • Addition of aqueous acid to alkenes to give alcohols
    • Addition of Dichlorocarbene to alkenes to give dichlorocyclopropanes
    • Addition of Grignard reagents to aldehydes to give secondary alcohols
    • Addition of Grignard reagents to esters to give tertiary alcohols
    • Addition of Grignard reagents to formaldehyde to give primary alcohols
    • Addition of Grignard reagents to ketones to give tertiary alcohols
    • Addition of Grignard reagents to nitriles to give ketones (after hydrolysis)
    • Addition of HBr once to alkynes to give alkenyl bromides
    • Addition of HBr to Alkenes
    • Addition of HBr twice to alkynes to give geminal dibromides
    • Addition of HCl once to alkynes to give alkenyl chlorides
    • Addition of HCl to Alkenes to Give Alkyl Chlorides
    • Addition of HCl to alkynes twice to give geminal dichlorides
    • Addition of HI once to alkynes to give alkenyl iodides
    • Addition of HI twice to alkynes to give geminal diiodides
    • Addition of Hydroiodic Acid to Alkenes to Give Alkyl Iodides
    • Addition of LiAlH4 to aldehydes to give primary alcohols
    • Addition of LiAlH4 to ketones to give secondary alcohols
    • Addition of NaBH4 to aldehydes to give primary alcohols
    • Addition of NaBH4 to ketones to give secondary alcohols
    • Addition of organocuprates (Gilman reagents) to acid chlorides to give ketones
    • Addition to alkenes accompanied by 1,2-alkyl shift
    • Additions to alkenes accompanied by 1,2-hydride shifts
    • Aldol addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones
    • Alkylation of enamines with alkyl halides
    • Alkylation of enolates
    • Allylic bromination of alkanes using NBS
    • Base-promoted formation of enolates from ketones
    • Bromination of alkenes with Br2 to give dibromides
    • Bromination of aromatic alkanes to give alkyl bromides
    • Bromination of Aromatics to give Bromoarenes
    • Chlorination of alkenes with Cl2 to give vicinal dichlorides
    • Chlorination of Arenes to give Chloroarenes
    • Claisen Condensation of esters
    • Cleavage of ethers using acid (SN1 reaction)
    • Clemmensen Reduction of Ketones/Aldehydes to Alkanes
    • Conversion of acid chlorides to aldehydes using LiAlH(O-tBu)3
    • Conversion of acid chlorides to esters through addition of an alcohol
    • Conversion of alcohols to alkyl bromides using PBr3
    • Conversion of alcohols to alkyl chlorides using SOCl2
    • Conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides using HCl
    • Conversion of Alkyl halides to ethers (SN1)
    • Conversion of carboxylic acids into acid chlorides with SOCl2
    • Conversion of carboxylic acids to carboxylates using base
    • Conversion of carboxylic acids to esters using acid and alcohols (Fischer Esterification)
    • Conversion of tertiary alcohols to alkyl bromides using HBr
    • Conversion of tertiary alcohols to alkyl iodides with HI
    • Conversion of thioacetals to alkanes using Raney Nickel
    • Decarboxylation of beta-keto carboxylic acids
    • Dehydration of amides to give nitriles
    • Deprotonation of alcohols to give alcohols
    • Deprotonation of alkynes with base to give acetylide ions
    • Diels Alder Reaction of dienes and dienophiles
    • Dihydroxylation of Alkenes to give 1,2-diols (vicinal diols)
    • Dihydroxylation of alkenes with cold, dilute KMnO4 to give vicinal diols
    • Elimination (E1) of alkyl halides to form alkenes
    • Elimination (E2) of alkyl halides to give alkenes
    • Elimination of alcohols to give alkenes using POCl3
    • Elimination of water from alcohols to form alkenes using acid
    • Elimination with 1,2-alkyl shift
    • Formation of Acetals from Aldehydes and Ketones
    • Formation of alkynes through double elimination of vicinal dibromides
    • Formation of amides from acid chlorides and amines
    • Formation of anhydrides from acid halides and carboxylates
    • Formation of Bromohydrins from alkenes using water and Br2
    • Formation of bromohydrins from alkenes using water and NBS
    • Formation of carboxylic acids from Grignard reagents and CO2
    • Formation of chlorohydrins from alkenes using water and Cl2
    • Formation of Cyanohydrins from ketones and aldehydes
    • Formation of cyclopropanes from alkenes using methylene carbene (:CH2)
    • Formation of enamines from ketones/aldehydes and secondary amines
    • Formation of epoxides from alkenes using m-CPBA
    • Formation of epoxides from bromohydrins
    • Formation of Ethers From Alkenes and Alcohols using Hg(OAc)2
    • Formation of Gilman reagents (organocuprates) from alkyl halides
    • Formation of Grignard Reagents from Alkenyl Halides
    • Formation of Grignard Reagents from Alkyl Halides
    • Formation of hydrates from aldehydes/ketones and H2O
    • Formation of imines from primary amines and ketones
    • Formation of organolithium reagents from alkyl halides
    • Formation of thioacetals from aldehydes and ketones
    • Formation of tosylates from alcohols
    • Free Radical Bromination of Alkanes
    • Free Radical Chlorination of Alkanes
    • Friedel Crafts alkylation of arenes
    • Friedel-Crafts acylation of aromatic groups to give ketones
    • Hoffmann elimination of alkylammonium salts to give alkenes
    • Hydroboration of Alkenes
    • Hydroboration of alkynes using BH3 to give aldehydes
    • Hydrogenation of Alkenes to give Alkanes
    • Hydrogenation of Alkynes to Alkanes using Pd/C
    • Hydrolysis of acetals to give aldehydes and ketones
    • Hydrolysis of esters to carboxylic acids with aqueous acid
    • Hydrolysis of imines to give ketones (or aldehydes)
    • Hydrolysis of nitriles with aqueous acid to give carboxylic acids
    • Iodination of alkenes to give vicinal diiodides (1,2-diiodides)
    • Iodination of Aromatics with I2
    • Keto-enol tautomerism
    • Nitration of aromatic groups
    • Opening of epoxides with acid and water to give trans diols
    • Opening of epoxides with nucleophiles under acidic conditions
    • Oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using Cr(VI)
    • Oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids with Ag2O
    • Oxidation of aromatic alkanes with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids
    • Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes
    • Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes using PCC
    • Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids
    • Oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones using PCC
    • Oxidation of thiols to disulfides
    • Oxidative cleavage of 1,2-diols to give aldehydes/ketones
    • Oxidative cleavage of alkenes to give ketones/carboxylic acids using ozone (O3) – (“oxidative workup”)
    • Oxidative cleavage of alkenes to ketones/carboxylic acids using KMnO4
    • Oxidative cleavage of alkenes using ozone (O3) to ketones and aldehydes (reductive workup)
    • Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes with KMnO4
    • Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes with Ozone (O3)
    • Oxymercuration of Alkynes
    • Oxymercuration: Alcohols from alkenes using Hg(OAc)2 and Water
    • Partial reduction of alkynes to trans alkenes using sodium and ammonia
    • Partial reduction of alkynes with Lindlar’s catalyst to give cis alkenes
    • Polymerization of dienes
    • Protection of alcohols as silyl ethers
    • Protonation of alcohols to give oxonium ions
    • Protonation of Grignard reagents to give alkanes
    • Reaction of alkyl halides with water to form alcohols (SN1)
    • Reaction of epoxides with nucleophiles under basic conditions
    • Reduction of aromatic nitro groups to amino groups
    • Reduction of carboxylic acids to primary alcohols using LiAlH4
    • Reduction of esters to aldehydes using DIBAL
    • Reduction of esters to primary alcohols using LiAlH4
    • Reduction of nitriles to primary amines with LiAlH4
    • SN2 of Cyanide with Alkyl Halides to give Nitriles
    • SN2 reaction between azide ion and alkyl halides to give alkyl azides
    • SN2 Reaction of Acetylide Ions with Alkyl Halides
    • SN2 reaction of alkoxide ions with alkyl halides to give ethers (Williamson synthesis)
    • SN2 reaction of alkyl halides with hydroxide ions to give alcohols
    • SN2 reaction of amines with alkyl chlorides to give ammonium salts
    • SN2 reaction of carboxylate ions with alkyl halides to give esters
    • SN2 reaction of hydrosulfide ion with alkyl halides to give thiols
    • SN2 reaction of organocuprates (Gilman reagents) with alkyl halides to give alkanes
    • SN2 reaction of thiolates with alkyl halides to give thioethers (sulfides)
    • SN2 reaction of water with alkyl halides to give alcohols
    • Substitution with accompanying 1,2-shift
    • Sulfonylation of Arenes to give sulfonic acids
    • The haloform reaction: conversion of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids
    • Transesterification promoted by alkoxides
    • Wittig Reaction – conversion of ketones/aldehydes to alkenes
    • Wolff Kishner Reaction – conversion of ketones/aldehydes to alkanes
  • Reduction of aromatic ketones to alkanes with Pd/C and hydrogen
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