Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution (With Negatively Charged Nucleophiles) Yes, there are a lot of reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives to learn! In this article we’ll explore
Read moreBasic Hydrolysis of Esters (Saponification) When esters are treated with sodium hydroxide, they are converted into carboxylate salts, which upon neutralization yield carboxylic acids. This
Read moreCarboxylic Acid to Ester Under Acidic Conditions (Fischer Esterification) The conversion of a carboxylic acid to an ester under acidic conditions is commonly known as
Read moreThe other day while going through Claisen condensations with a student, we came upon this pretty typical problem: The student duly deprotonated the alpha carbon
Read moreFunctional Groups Summary Sheet I thought it would be good to make a summary sheet based on functional groups, so here one is: Functional Group
Read moreSN2 Reaction Examples To Give Alcohols, Ethers, Thiols, Sulfies, Alkynes, and More. Having gone through the mechanism of the SN2 reaction, let’s take a second
Read moreLithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH, LiAlH4) For the Reduction of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) is a strong reducing agent similar to, but stronger
Read moreReduction of Acid Halides To Aldehydes With LiAlH(OtBu)3 or Rosenmund’s Catalyst Acid halides can be reduced to aldehydes through use of the bulky reducing agent
Read moreHow To Determine Which Functional Group Has “Priority” For Naming Purposes When a molecule has multiple functional groups, we could potentially run into problems when
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