Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives (2) – Polarity Reversal

Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives: Converting ortho-,para- directors into meta- directors and vice versa.

In planning the synthesis of simple benzene derivatives and other aromatic compounds, it’s vital to know some tricks for changing ortho-, para- directors into meta- directors, and vice versa!

In this article we go into detail on how to do these “reversals of polarity”:

• Reduction of nitro groups (NO₂) to amines converts a meta director to an ortho-, para– director
• Reduction of ketones (C=O) to alkanes converts a meta director to an ortho-, para– director
• The Baeyer-Villiger reaction converts a ketone (meta- director) to an ester (ortho-, para– director)
• Benzylic oxidation with KMnO₄ converts an ortho-, para– director to a meta- director

Table of Contents

1. Reminder: The “Order of Operations” Is Important
2. What Do We Do When Directing Groups Don’t Direct The “Right Way” ?
3. Ortho-, Para- Directors From Meta- Directors: 3 Examples
4. Meta- Directors From Ortho-, Para- Directors
5. Summary: Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives – Polarity Reversal
6. Notes
7. Quiz Yourself!

1. Reminder: The “Order of Operations” Is Important

Last time we talked about the importance of choosing the correct “order of operations” in the synthesis of aromatic compounds [See post: Aromatic Synthesis (1): Order of Operations].

Key points:

If you’re planning a synthesis of a disubstituted benzene derivative containing an ortho-, para- director and a meta– director, you need to choose the order of operations wisely:

• To obtain the para– (or ortho- ) product —-> install the ortho- , para- director first
• To obtain the meta– product —-> install the meta- director first

Alright.  Now let’s throw a curveball.

2. What Do We Do When Directing Groups Don’t Direct The “Right Way”?

How would you synthesize this molecule, which has two ortho-, para- directors oriented meta– to each other?

No two-step sequence of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions will give you this product!

So what do we do?

Not to worry. There’s a whole other bag of tricks we haven’t used yet – reactions that modify aromatic substituents – that will provide us with the solution to problems like this one.

The key is to combine our knowledge of “order of operations”  with reactions that change meta– directors to ortho-, para- directors (or vice versa).

I like to think of this as a “polarity reversal”  – changing the nature of the substituent from an electron-acceptor (meta- director) to an electron-donor (ortho-, para- director) or vice-versa.

3. Ortho-, Para– Directors From Meta– Directors: 3 Examples

We’ve learned three key classes of reactions that modify aromatic substituents in a way that convert meta– directors to ortho-, para- directors:

• reduction of nitro groups (NO₂) to amines (NH₂) using Pd-C/H₂ , Zn / HCl and other methods.[See post]
• reduction of ketones to alkyl groups using the Wolff-Kishner, Clemmensen, or other methods [See post]
• Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones to esters using peroxyacids (e.g. m-CPBA).[See post]

Having these reactions available to us greatly expands the number of products we can build from benzene.

How so?

Let’s think backwards.  Having access to these reactions means that if there is an amine in a product we wish to make, it can be obtained from reduction of a nitro group.

(The specific reactions to use in the forward direction are essentially equivalent, for our purposes).  We can use a reducing metal like Zn, Fe, or Sn with acid, or catalytic hydrogenation over palladium or platinum. 

The nitro group, in turn, can be installed through electrophilic aromatic substitution (HNO₃ + H₂SO₄).

We can apply the same backwards-looking process toward alkyl groups. While alkyl groups can be installed directly using Friedel-Crafts alkylation, remember that carbocation rearrangements can occur with longer-chain primary alkyl halides. Previously, we saw that long alkyl chains can be installed by performing a Friedel-Crafts acylation first, followed by reduction of the ketone (a.k.a. “The Great Friedel-Crafts Workaround”). [See post: The Friedel-Crafts Reactions]

So any time you see an alkyl group in a target molecule, by all means consider the (straightforward) Friedel-Crafts alkylation, but also take a moment to think about how it could be installed through working backwards to a ketone.

Finally, working backwards from an O-C(O)R group also gets us back to a ketone, via the Baeyer-Villger, and the ketone can be made through Friedel-Crafts acylation.

Now, back to our regularly scheduled problem.

Clearly we can’t build this molecule directly through two consecutive electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

But what if we work backwards from the alkyl group to the ketone? That gives us a ketone – a  meta- director. Now a solution becomes clear  (as long as we get our order of operations correct)!

Since we want the meta– product, we start by installing the meta- director through a Friedel-Crafts acylation. We then chlorinate (Cl₂ / FeCl₃) and finally reduce the ketone to get our final product.

Hover for an example of using the Clemmensen in the forward direction (link to image)

For more practice, try working on these examples which require similar reasoning:

[more discussion of these problems in Note 2]

4. Meta- Directors From Ortho- , Para- Directors

Let’s look at a different type of problem. Below, we have a carboxylic acid (meta- director) para to a nitro group (another meta director). So how can we design a synthesis that gets these two meta- directors para– to each other?

There’s one reaction we’ve previously covered that converts an ortho-, para- director to a meta– director:

• oxidation of alkyl groups with KMnO₄  to give carboxylic acids. [see post: Reactions on the “Benzylic” Carbon]

Working backwards from a carboxylic acid gives us an alkyl group, which could be obtained through Friedel-Crafts alkylation.

[Note: although this doesn’t strictly convert an ortho-, para- director to a meta- director,  it’s also worth looking at benzylic bromination as another route to meta- directors, since alkyl halides are so versatile. We’ll cover this in Note 1 ]

Going back to our example, we see that working backwards from the carboxylic acid gives us an alkyl group (so long as it’s not t-butyl, the exact identity isn’t important, since KMnO₄ chews up all alkyl groups with at least one benzylic C-H bond to give carboxylic acids).

Synthesis of this para-disubstituted molecule requires that we start with the Friedel-Crafts alkylation, followed by nitration.

(This is by no means the only way to do it! One of the fun parts about synthesis is that there are multiple ways to approach the same problem!) (Note 3)

5. Summary: Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives – Polarity Reversal

Planning the right “order of operations” with reactions that “reverse the polarity” of aromatic side chains will allow you to synthesize most of the molecules you will encounter in synthesis problems.

We didn’t go into the synthesis of trisubstituted molecules, but the same strategies also apply,  along with the key principle “the strongest donor wins”

(Additionally, we haven’t really considered nucleophilic substitution reactions here,  but they could concievably be worked in too.  In synthesis everything is fair game unless you’re told otherwise). 

Before we do a few practice problems, there’s one last trick to cover.

What if you only want the ortho products and not the para?

In the next post, we’ll show a strategy for doing this, using “blocking groups”.

Notes

Note 1. Benzylic Bromination

Benzylic bromination can be a useful precursor to meta- directors, although somewhat longer sequences of reactions are usually required to get to the desired product.

Here’s an example.  How do you synthesize this molecule with two meta- directors oriented para- to each other??

One way to do it would be to use a reaction that oxidizes an alkyl group to a ketone.  One little problem: we haven’t learned how to do that directly.

However, we have learned how to convert “benzylic” alkyl groups into alkyl halides. And if there’s one thing you learn in Org 1, it’s that alkyl halides can undergo a ton of different reactions. [this post has a “reaction map” for alkyl halides]

• One way to get to the ketone from the alkyl bromide would be to perform an S_N2 of the benzyl bromide with hydroxide (in a polar aprotic solvent) to give an alcohol, which could be oxidized to a ketone.
• Another way would be to eliminate the halide (E2) with strong base to give an alkene, followed by hydration (oxymercuration or H₃O+) to give an alcohol, which could be oxidized similarly.

The ketone is just one of other possible examples. As the pathways below try to show, alkyl halides are a gateway not only to the many compounds possible from nucleophilic substitution reactions, but also to those arising from reactions of alkenes and alcohols.

Note 2. Exercises from above (Try working these on your own first!)

Worked example #1 .

Hover to see one possible approach (link to larger image)

Worked example #2

Hover to see one possible approach (link to larger image)

Note 3 – For instance another way to do it (that doesn’t involve EAS) would be to make the carboxylic acid through reaction of a Grignard with CO₂. The Grignard would come from Br or Cl, which are ortho-, para- directors. So: bromination, nitration, Grignard formation, then add CO₂.

Quiz Yourself!

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