Why are halogens ortho- para- directors?
Why are halogens ortho-, para- directors? All activating groups are also ortho-, para- directors. Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) are notable in that they are deactivating ortho-, para- directors.
Read moreMolecular Orbitals of The Allyl Cation, Allyl Radical, and Allyl Anion
How To Draw The Molecular Orbitals of The Allyl Cation, Allyl Radical And Allyl Anion Drawing the molecular orbitals of a pi system like allyl
Read moreThe Mesomeric Effect And Aromatic Amines
A Puzzle In The Basicity Of Some Disubstituted Aromatic Amines We’ve seen that several key factors influence the basicity of amines – charge, resonance, inductive
Read moreDisubstituted Benzenes: The Strongest Electron-Donor “Wins”
Having gone through the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, explored activating and deactivating substituents, and seen the importance of directing groups, let’s now take the opportunity to
Read moreIntroduction to Assigning (R) and (S): The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules
Assigning R and S Configurations With the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Rules Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other (by the way, molecules that are
Read morePi Molecular Orbitals of Butadiene
The Molecular Orbital Diagram of Butadiene, And How To Build It Butadiene is a conjugated diene consisting of two adjacent pi-bonds and comprised of 4 p-orbitals and
Read moreElectrophilic Aromatic Substitutions (1) – Halogenation of Benzene
Halogenation of Benzene via Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Unlike alkenes, benzene does not undergo rapid chlorination or bromination with Cl2 or Br2 When it does undergo
Read moreElectrophilic Aromatic Substitutions (2) – Nitration and Sulfonation
Aromatic rings undergo nitration and sulfonation through the electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. Aromatic rings can undergo nitration when treated with nitric acid HNO3 in addition to
Read moreNucleophilicity of Amines
Nucleophilicity Of Amines The relative nucleophilicity of amines doesn’t get a lot of coverage in many organic chemistry courses, but if we’re going to cover
Read moreAssigning Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Priorities (2) – The Method of Dots
Cahn Ingold Prelog Priorities (2): Determining R/S On Rings, Chains, And More In this post we’ll expand on the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) rules and show how
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