Two Important Reaction Patterns: Ortho- , Para- Directors and Meta- Directors It’s one thing to learn about electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of benzene itself. But
Read moreOrtho-, Para– and Meta– Directors In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS), some substituents on benzene will direct the electrophile E to the ortho– (1,2)and para– (1,4) positions. These
Read moreWhy are halogens ortho-, para- directors? All activating groups are also ortho-, para- directors. Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) are notable in that they are deactivating ortho-, para- directors.
Read moreHow To Draw The Molecular Orbitals of The Allyl Cation, Allyl Radical And Allyl Anion Drawing the molecular orbitals of a pi system like allyl
Read moreA Puzzle In The Basicity Of Some Disubstituted Aromatic Amines We’ve seen that several key factors influence the basicity of amines – charge, resonance, inductive
Read moreHaving gone through the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, explored activating and deactivating substituents, and seen the importance of directing groups, let’s now take the opportunity to
Read moreAssigning R and S Configurations With the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Rules Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other (by the way, molecules that are
Read moreThe Molecular Orbital Diagram of Butadiene, And How To Build It Butadiene is a conjugated diene consisting of two adjacent pi-bonds and comprised of 4 p-orbitals and
Read moreHalogenation of Benzene via Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Unlike alkenes, benzene does not undergo rapid chlorination or bromination with Cl2 or Br2 When it does undergo
Read moreAromatic rings undergo nitration and sulfonation through the electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. Aromatic rings can undergo nitration when treated with nitric acid HNO3 in addition to
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