Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Introduction
The Six Key Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions In electrophilic aromatic substitution a C-H bond is broken and a new C-E bond (E being an electrophilic
Read moreReactions of Aromatic Molecules
Activating and Deactivating Groups In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Activating and Deactivating Groups in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution The rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions is greatly affected by the groups attached to the
Read moreElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution – The Mechanism
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: The Mechanism Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions proceed through a two-step mechanism. In the first step, the aromatic ring, acting as a
Read moreOrtho-, Para- and Meta- Directors in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Two Important Reaction Patterns: Ortho- , Para- Directors and Meta- Directors It’s one thing to learn about electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of benzene itself. But
Read moreUnderstanding Ortho, Para, and Meta Directors
Ortho-, Para– and Meta– Directors In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS), some substituents on benzene will direct the electrophile E to the ortho– (1,2)and para– (1,4) positions. These
Read moreWhy are halogens ortho- para- directors?
Why are halogens ortho-, para- directors? All activating groups are also ortho-, para- directors. Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) are notable in that they are deactivating ortho-, para- directors.
Read moreDisubstituted Benzenes: The Strongest Electron-Donor “Wins”
Having gone through the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, explored activating and deactivating substituents, and seen the importance of directing groups, let’s now take the opportunity to
Read moreElectrophilic Aromatic Substitutions (1) – Halogenation of Benzene
Halogenation of Benzene via Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Unlike alkenes, benzene does not undergo rapid chlorination or bromination with Cl2 or Br2 When it does undergo
Read moreElectrophilic Aromatic Substitutions (2) – Nitration and Sulfonation
Aromatic rings undergo nitration and sulfonation through the electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. Aromatic rings can undergo nitration when treated with nitric acid HNO3 in addition to
Read moreEAS Reactions (3) – Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
Friedel Crafts Alkylation and Acylation Aromatic rings will form C-C bonds when treated with alkyl or acyl halides in the presence of a strong Lewis
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