The Mesomeric Effect And Aromatic Amines
…with a situation where multiple variables come into play? Here’s a common exam question that tests your ability to think through these factors. Table of Contents Why Is m-Nitroaniline More…
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Why are halogens ortho- para- directors?
…compares how well a substituent stabilizes a carbocation relative to hydrogen. That’s not the right comparison here. Just like the old joke goes, it’s not about outrunning the bear –…
Read moreUnderstanding Ortho, Para, and Meta Directors
…1038/169291a0 This paper has data comparing the nitration of t-butylbenzene and toluene. T-butylbenzene is much more p-directing than toluene (79.5% para for t-butylbenzene vs. 40% para for toluene), which is…
Read moreBaeyer-Villiger Reaction
Description: Treatment of an aldehyde or ketone with a peroxyacid (RCO3H) results in the formation of an ester. The rest of this page is available to MOC Members only. To…
Read moreElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution – The Mechanism
…product distribution should be 40% ortho. 40% meta, and 20% para. So is that what happens? No! Two important examples are illustrative. 6. EAS On Monosubstituted Benzenes: The Distribution Of…
Read moreAldol Condensation
Description: The aldol condensation is a reaction between an enolate (or enol) and an aldehyde or ketone that leads to the formation of a new carbon-carbon double bond. This is…
Read moreAlkylation of enamines with alkyl halides
Description: Enamines are nucleophiles, and will react with alkyl halides to give alkylation products. Subsequent treatment with aqueous acid will give ketones. The rest of this page is available to…
Read moreThe Michael Addition Reaction and Conjugate Addition
…add to the beta (β) carbon of alpha-beta carbonyl compounds, forming a new C-C bond and breaking a C-C pi bond. This is known as the “Michael Reaction” in honor…
Read moreThe Amide Functional Group: Properties, Synthesis, and Nomenclature
…Ber. 1884, 17 (2), 2544-2547 DOI: 10.1002/cber.188401702178 Ueber eine einfache Methode der Darstellung von Benzoësäureäthern Baumann, E. Ber. 1886, 19 (2), 3218-3222 DOI: 10.1002/cber.188601902348 Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-Kibdelone C…
Read moreSuccess Stories: How Corina Got The The “Hard” Professor – And Got An A+ Anyway
Does your school have that one “hard” organic chemistry instructor that most students try to avoid? Today’s success story comes from Corina, a student in Texas who got assigned the…
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