D and L Notation For Sugars
…optical rotation. The same is true for (–)-erythrose, which returns a completely identical compound. From this it can be deduced that the structure of the new compound must be such…
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…that they would like more examples of various reactions, as well as more examples of synthesis and spectroscopy problems. I’m looking for a few exceptional individuals who *love* putting together…
Read moreTypes of Isomers: Constitutional Isomers, Stereoisomers, Enantiomers, and Diastereomers
…and Trans and E and Z] . Since free rotation about the double bond is not possible, these are completely distinct molecules. They can be separated, put in different flasks,…
Read moreOlefin Metathesis
…C and D) results in a new alkene as well as a new ruthenium carbene. The carbene can then combine with a new equivalent of alkene (Step 3, arrows E…
Read moreStrecker Synthesis
…is to hydrolyze the cyanide ion to the carboxylic acid. Examples: Notes: Examples 1, 2, and 3 are fairly typical Strecker reactions for the formation of various amino acids. Example…
Read moreBirch Reduction of Aromatic Rings
…the alcohol (Step 2, arrows A and B) forming a new C-H bond and leaving behind a free radical. The radical is reduced to another carbanion (Step 3), which is…
Read moreIdentifying Where Substitution and Elimination Reactions Happen
…a base). If there’s no good leaving group on the substrate… then no substitution or elimination reaction can happen! It’s that simple. Common examples of good leaving groups are species…
Read moreCope Rearrangement
…Example 4 is an Oxy-cope reaction, which forms an enol that then tautomerizes to an aldehyde. The last example shows an Oxy-Cope where a new 10-membered ring is formed. Mechanism:…
Read moreClaisen Rearrangement
…by about 20 kcal/mol, owing mostly to the greater strength of C-O (pi) bonds (80 kcal/mol) versus C-C (pi) bonds (60 kcal/mol). Examples: Notes: In the first two examples, heating…
Read moreAddition of Organolithiums to Carboxylic Acids
…The purpose of H3O+ at the end is to protonate the negatively charged oxygen. Examples: Notes: Each of these four examples show the addition of two equivalents of an organolithium…
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