Addition of Grignard reagents to aldehydes to give secondary alcohols
Description: Addition of a Grignard reagent to an aldehyde results in a new C–C bond an a secondary alcohol after addition of acid.
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The Barbier reaction is supposed to be analogous to the Grignard reaction but instead uses powdered Zinc instead of pulverized Mg and is not deactivated by H2O. What would a mechanism look like? I know its not exactly known but would it be similar to this mechanism but switching out Mg with Zn? I know one research paper proposed free radicals however that seems unlikely to me.
I wonder:
Why grignard reagent does not act as a nucleophile when an alkyl halide is the electrophile.
Why acetylide ion attacks alkyl halides well, but not acyl groups?
Acetylide ions will attack acyl groups.
Re: grignard reagents, they tend to be clusters in solution and also equilibrate between various forms (Schlenk equilibrium). What often happens is that you see them acting as a base (breaking C-H) or pumping electrons into the alkyl halide via single electron transfer. Substitution reactions to break C-X are more sterically demanding (have to overlap with C-X sigma-star orbital) and this process is slower than the other pathways.
Much better to use copper reagents (organocuprates) which don’t suffer from these problems as much.
With a formaldehyde instead of an aldehyde, I assume the main product will lose one of its R’s and instead have an H, right?
Yes, with formaldehyde you would obtain a primary alcohol.
so the grignard will be a part of the aldehyde and then it will attack the carbon double bonded to the oxygen
The Mg adds by oxidative insertion to the Br to form the Grignard. Then, that reacts with the carbonyl carbon – yes.
Shouldn’t the last example be a ten member-ed ring, if not what could be the mechanism
No, it’s an intramolecular reaction to give a 5 membered ring.